Carbon as a commodity, retention as a service
Main Article Content
Keywords
carbon sequestration, carbon dioxide, timber, carbon sink, forestland rotation length
Abstract
United Nations Climate Change convention protocols (2016; 2005) addressed the issue of anthropogenically reducing CO2 emissions but failed to view carbon as a commodity that can be measured when sequestered in terrestrial biometric sinks. Forestry science tools quantify tree capture of atmospheric carbon volume annually, and in what tree parts it resides. Trees photosynthesize carbon by converting atmospheric carbon dioxide to sequester carbon atoms in trees. Carbon can be commodified and traded in competitive markets via conservation easement agreements legally binding willing buyers and sellers to consented terms. Based on biometric data projections, carbon is measured in discrete forestland areas as tons per year to express a balance between its emissions and its inferred sequestered volume. Timber harvest decisions viewed through the lens of its quantified carbon volume can serve as a powerful mechanism in offsetting carbon emissions while lengthening financially optimal timber harvest rotation decisions. A commodity trading framework is articulated to link willing carbon sequestration agents (forestland owners) with willing carbon sequestration buyers in an equitable trading platform with legal terms applied through temporally defined conditions. The framework to determine carbon sequestration allowances and carbon storage payments is discussed in terms of agreements which market participants enter. In a brief synopsis, we offer our view on aligning carbon emitters with forestland sequestration operatives articulating meaningful financial and social benefits for those involved.
References
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Passar D. 2021. Logistical and tax-related obstacles to coordinating conservation land assemblages. Environmental Law, 51(2), 437-484. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27027146
Pevar S. 2002. The rights of Indians and tribes: the authoritative ACLU guide to Indian and tribal rights - 3rd edition. Southern Illinois University Press.
Poulopoulos SG, Inglezakis VJ. 2016. Environment and development: basic principles, human activities, and environmental implications. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-07133-5
Rasche F, Svatos A, Maddula RK, Böttcher C, Böcker S. 2010. Computing fragmentation trees from tandem mass spectrometry data. Analytical Chemistry, 1243-1251. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101825k
Sampson N. 2005. National Carbon Offset Coalition. National Catbon Offset Coalition, Inc. Alexandria, WA: National Carbon Offset Coalition.
Schlosser W. 2020. Real price appreciation forecast tool: two delivered log market price cycles in the Puget Sound markets of western Washington, USA, from 1992 through 2019. Journal of Forest Policy and Economics, 102114, 1389-9341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102114
Schlosser, W. 2023. Growth and decay: forest landowner impatience factor. Journal of Forest Business Research, 2(1), 38-67.
https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.8
Schlosser W, Bassman J, Wagner F, Wandschneider P. 2002. Increasing long-term storage of carbon sequestered in Russian softwood logs through enhanced lumber recovery.. Forest Prod. J. 52(9):51-59.
Schlosser W, Bassman J, Wandschneider P, Everett R. 2003. A carbon balance assessment for containerized Larix gmelinii seedlings in the Russian Far East. Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 173, Issues 1-3, 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00014-2
Scotese C. 2002. PALEOMAR Project. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from PALEOMAP: http://www.scotese.com
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Whyte K. 2018. Indigenous climate change studies: indigenizing futures, decolonizing the anthropocene. MUSE, 153-162.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153
Wykoff W, Crookston N, Stage A. 1982. User's guide to the stand prognosis model. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.109367
Aguilera J, Whigham LD. 2018. Using the 13C/12C carbon isotope ratio to characterise the emission sources of airborne particulate matter: a review of literature. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 54(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2018.1531854
Alkhayuon H, Tyson RC, Wieczorek S. 2021. Phase tipping: how cyclic ecosystems respond to contemporary climate. Royal Society, A. 477: 20210059. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0059
Arney J. 2012. Forest Biometrics Research Institute. Retrieved April 9, 2012, from http://www.forestbiometrics.com/index.html
Arney, J. 2016. Biometric methods for forest inventory, forest growth and forest planning. Portland, OR: Forest Biometrics Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303895927_Biometric_Methods_for_Forest_Inventory_Forest_Growth_and_Forest_Planning
Arora N. 2019. Earth: 50 years challenge. Environmental Sustainability, 2, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00053-5
Belcher D. 1982. TWIGS: the woodman's ideal growth projection system. Purdue University Press.
Bennett M, Glasser N. 1996. Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Bradley R. 2015. Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing climates of the quaternary (Vol. third edition). Amherst, Massachusetts, USA: Elsevier Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-18310-1
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Chiang C, Remucal J, Wescott S. 2020. Carbon offsets in conservation easements. The Essentials for Land Trusts, The Land Trust Aliance, Carbon Offsets in Conservation Easements, Washington, D.C. Retrieved May 2021, from https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Carbon-Offsets-in-Conservation-Easements.pdf
Cobell Settlement. 2010. Cobell vs. Salazar, 1:96-cv-01285-TFH (US DIstrict Court of Columbia 12 10, 2010). Retrieved from http://www.indiantrust.com/docs/sa_1_19_11.pdf
Craig H. 1957. Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 12(1-2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(57)90024-8
Crookston NL, Rehfeldt GE, Dixon GE, Weiskittel AR. 2010. Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics. Forest Ecology and Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.013
D&D Larix. 2010. FRASS. (W. Schlosser, Editor, & D&D Larix, LLC) Retrieved April 20, 2021, from Forest Econometrics: https://frass.forest-econometrics.com/
Daniels KH. 2005. A municipal official's guide to forestry in New York State. New York: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 2021, from https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/brochures/docs/2012/ForestFacts_1952-2012_English.pdf
Fernández O. 2010. Carbon funds at the crossroads. Retrieved from Practicle Law: https://content.next.westlaw.com/4-501-1746?__lrTS=20201114211424881&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
Forest Econometrics. 2023. FRASS Appraisal Augmentation. (W. Schlosser, Editor, & D&D Larix, LLC) Retrieved from Forestland Financial Optimization: http://forest-econometrics.com/actionable-reports/frass-appraisal-augmentation/
FVS. 2018. Forest vegetation simulator. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from US Forest Service: https://www.fs.fed.us/fvs/index.shtml
Hofstad O. 2016. Degradation of REDD. (R. Chudy, Interviewer) Forest Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.forest-monitor.com/en/the-degradation-of-redd/
Korngold G. 2011. Globalizing conservation easements: private law approaches for international environmental protection. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 28(4), 587-638. Retrieved from http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/wilj/files/2011/11/Korngold_final_9.2.11_28-4.pdf
Lindsey R. 2021. How do we know the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is caused by humans? Retrieved from Climate.gov: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/how-do-we-know-build-carbon-dioxide-atmosphere-caused-humans
McLaughlin NA. 2007. Conservation easements: perpetuity and beyond. Ecology Law Quarterly, 34(2), 673-712. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24114638
Mei B. 2023. Carbon offset as another driver of timberland investment returns in the United States. Journal of Forest Business Research, 2(1).
https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.20
Microsoft. 2020. Corporate social responsibility. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from Climate Innovations Fund: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/sustainability/climate-innovation-fund
Mildrexler D, Berner LT, Law BE, Birdsey RL, Moomaw WR. 2020. Large trees dominate carbon storage in forests east of the cascade crest in the United States Pacific Northwest. (I. Cañellas, Ed.) Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.594274
Miner C, Walters N, Belli M. 1988. A Guide to the TWIGS program for the North Central United States. USDA Forest Serv., North Central Forest Exp.Sta. https://doi.org/10.2737/NC-GTR-125
NICC. 2017. National Indian Carbon Coalition. Little Canada, MN. Retrieved from https://www.indiancarbon.org/
North American Land Trust. 2021. What is a conservation easement? Retrieved April 22, 2021, from Conservation: https://northamericanlandtrust.org/conservation/
Oregon Secretary of State. 1978. Oregon Forest Practices Act. Forest Practice Rules. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Forestry.
Passar D. 2021. Logistical and tax-related obstacles to coordinating conservation land assemblages. Environmental Law, 51(2), 437-484. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27027146
Pevar S. 2002. The rights of Indians and tribes: the authoritative ACLU guide to Indian and tribal rights - 3rd edition. Southern Illinois University Press.
Poulopoulos SG, Inglezakis VJ. 2016. Environment and development: basic principles, human activities, and environmental implications. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-07133-5
Rasche F, Svatos A, Maddula RK, Böttcher C, Böcker S. 2010. Computing fragmentation trees from tandem mass spectrometry data. Analytical Chemistry, 1243-1251. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101825k
Sampson N. 2005. National Carbon Offset Coalition. National Catbon Offset Coalition, Inc. Alexandria, WA: National Carbon Offset Coalition.
Schlosser W. 2020. Real price appreciation forecast tool: two delivered log market price cycles in the Puget Sound markets of western Washington, USA, from 1992 through 2019. Journal of Forest Policy and Economics, 102114, 1389-9341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102114
Schlosser, W. 2023. Growth and decay: forest landowner impatience factor. Journal of Forest Business Research, 2(1), 38-67.
https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.8
Schlosser W, Bassman J, Wagner F, Wandschneider P. 2002. Increasing long-term storage of carbon sequestered in Russian softwood logs through enhanced lumber recovery.. Forest Prod. J. 52(9):51-59.
Schlosser W, Bassman J, Wandschneider P, Everett R. 2003. A carbon balance assessment for containerized Larix gmelinii seedlings in the Russian Far East. Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 173, Issues 1-3, 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00014-2
Scotese C. 2002. PALEOMAR Project. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from PALEOMAP: http://www.scotese.com
SCS. 2021. Greenhouse gas verification. Retrieved from SCS Global Services Headquarters: https://www.scsglobalservices.com/services/greenhouse-gas-verification
Shoemaker LG, Turnbull JC, Tans PP, Miller J.B, Vaughn BH, Michel SE, Lehman SJ. 2021. Earth System Research Laboratories. NOAA/ESRL. Retrieved from Global Monitoring Laboratory: http://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/isotopes
Skog K, Nicholson G. 1998. Carbon cycling through wood products: the role of wood and paper products in carbon sequestration. Forest Products Journal, 48(7/8), 75-83.
Smith TM, Smith RL. 2012. Elements of Ecology. Vol. 8th ed. B.Wilbur, Ed. Glenview, IL, USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Stein JK. 1985. Quaternary paleoclimatology: methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction. (R. S. Bradley, Ed.) American Antiquity, 52(1), 472.
https://doi.org/10.2307/281104
Szabo M. 2010. ICE cuts staff at Chicago Climate Exchange-sources. Reuters. Retrieved May 18, 2011
The Geological Society. 2014. Geology for Society. The Geological Society of London, London. Retrieved from www.geolsoc.org.uk/geology-for-society
Thomas SC, Martin AR. 2012. Carbon content of tree tissues: a synthesis. Forests, 3(2), 332-352. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3020332
United Nations. 2005. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto, Japan: United Nations, Climate Change.
United Nations. 2016. The Paris Agreement. Climate Change. Paris, France.
US EPA. 2018. Tri-agency response to congress on biomass carbon neutrality. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from Environmental Protection Agency: https://www.epa.gov/air-and-radiation/tri-agency-response-congress-biomass-carbon-neutrality
Waters CN, Zalasiewicz J, Summerhayes C, Barnosky AD, Poirier C, Gałuszka A, Cearreta A, Edgeworth M, Ellis EC, Ellis M, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Richter DDB, Steffen W, Syvitski J, Vidas D, Wagreich M, Williams M, … Wolfe, A. P. 2016. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science, 351(6269). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2622
WDNR. 2006. Washington Dept. Natural Resources Forest Practices HCP. Olympia: Washington State.
Weeks W, Berry T. Blattmachr J, Havens J, McLaughlin N, Slaton J, . . . Tabas P. 2018. ABA RPTE conservation easement task force report: recommendations regarding conservation easements and federal tax law. American Bar Association's Real Property, Trust and Estate Law (RPTE) section convened a Conservation Easement Task Force. 53, pp. 245-372. ABA Conservation Easement Task Force. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27008630
Whyte K. 2018. Indigenous climate change studies: indigenizing futures, decolonizing the anthropocene. MUSE, 153-162.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153
Wykoff W, Crookston N, Stage A. 1982. User's guide to the stand prognosis model. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.109367
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Mar 20, 2023
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Schlosser, W., & Schlosser, B. (2023). Carbon as a commodity, retention as a service. Journal of Forest Business Research, 2(1), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.23
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