Safety culture co-creation in forest industry manufacturing mills – A systematic literature review and conceptual model
Main Article Content
Keywords
bibliometrics, co-creation, forest industry, occupational safety, safety culture, systematic literature review, workplace safety
Abstract
The forest industry has high accident and injury rates, and although research and practice recognize safety culture playing an important role in sustainable accident prevention, research about how safety culture is formed jointly is scattered among disciplines and knowledge traditions. Thus, this review adopts a co-creation lens to synthesize conflicts, agreements, and future research avenues of safety culture in the forest industry and comparable high-risk manufacturing and processing industries. To this extent, a descriptive statistical analysis of 60 articles and a systematic literature review of 25 articles were conducted and combined to develop a conceptual model. The descriptive statistical analysis shows a highly international field with few international and multidisciplinary collaborations. Quantitative methods and health and engineering fields are dominant, calling for more diverse research designs and increased international and interdisciplinary collaboration. The systematic literature review synthesizes the current research landscape, showing that safety culture is co-created in response to organizational, individual, contextual, and interventional factors. Additionally, it is shown that safety culture co-creation happens dynamically in horizontal and vertical directions in the organization, but also extends to external stakeholders. Thus, safety culture co-creation is no one-way street, but rather a dynamic and inclusive dialogue that happens vertically and horizontally within an organization, but also in relation to external factors and stakeholders. Training, communication, knowledge sharing, and collaboration are identified to be effective leverage points for practitioners to foster effective safety culture co-creation.
References
Abdelsalam A, Happonen A, Karha K, Kapitonov A, Porras J. 2022. Toward autonomous vehicles and machinery in mill yards of the forest industry: technologies and proposals for autonomous vehicle operations. IEEE Access. 10:88234-88250. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3199691
Aboubakar BO, Li H. 2024. Influence of safety culture on Chinese overseas hydropower project workers' safety performance: a case study in Cameroon. Int J Reliab Saf. 18(3):266-301. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2024.140614
Almanza Floyd J, D'Adamo I, Fosso Wamba S, Gastaldi M. 2024. Competitiveness and sustainability in the paper industry: the valorisation of human resources as an enabling factor. Comput Ind Eng. 190:110035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110035
Andersson E, Sällsten G, Lohman S, Neitzel R, Torén K. 2020. Lung function and paper dust exposure among workers in a soft tissue paper mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 93(1):105-110.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01469-6
Araújo-Vila N, Toubes DR, Fraiz-Brea JA. 2022. The age factor in the analysis of occupational risks in the wood industry. Healthcare (Basel). 10(7):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071355
Arbin K, Frostenson M, Helin S, Borglund T. 2021. Explaining workers' resistance against a health and safety programme: an understanding based on hierarchical and social accountability. Saf Sci. 136:105131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105131
Asgedom AA, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. 2019. Knowledge, attitude and practice related to chemical hazards and personal protective equipment among particleboard workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 19(1):440. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6807-0
Asgedom AA, Bråtveit M, Schlünssen V, Moen BE. 2020. Exposure to inhalable dust, endotoxin and formaldehyde in factories processing particleboards from eucalyptus trees in Ethiopia. Environ Occup Health Pract. 2(1):2019-0016-OA. https://doi.org/10.1539/eohp.2019-0016-OA
Baumgart AR, Leite MJ de H, Santos IC de L, Oliveira DSP de, Araújo MSB de, Pinto AVF de. 2023. Analysis of work safety from the perspective of sizing and use of EPIs in a sawmill in the state of Mato Grosso. Diversitas J. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v8i3.2592
Best T, Visser R, Conradson D. 2021. Stress, psychosocial factors and the New Zealand forest industry workforce: seeing past the risk of harm to the potential for individual and organisational wellbeing. NZ J For Sci. 51. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs512021x93x
Beus JM, McCord MA, Zohar D. 2016. Workplace safety: a review and research synthesis. Organiz Psychol Rev. 6(4):352-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615626243
Borz SA, Oghnoum M, Marcu MV, Lorincz A, Proto AR. 2021. Performance of small-scale sawmilling operations: a case study on time consumption, productivity and main ergonomics for a manually driven bandsaw. For Syst. 12(6):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060810
Carles C, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Baldi I. 2016. O44-1Pestipop: a French generic job-exposure matrix for use in epidemiological studies on occupational exposure to pesticides. Occup Environ Med. 73(Suppl 1):A83-A84. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.224
Casey TW, Riseborough KM, Krauss AD. 2015. Do you see what I see? Effects of national culture on employees' safety-related perceptions and behaviour. Accid Anal Prev. 78:173-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.010
Chaudhuri SB, Majhi M, Karmakar S. 2021. A scoping review on role of communication media for effective OSH awareness and training. Int J Reliab Saf. 15(1-2):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2021.119641
Christian MS, Bradley JC, Wallace JC, Burke MJ. 2009. Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. J Appl Psychol. 94(5):1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Cil M, Gedik T. 2022. Research on factors affecting the risk-taking behaviour of personnel working in the forest products sector. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 28(4):2315-2323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1992175
Comberti L, Demichela M, Baldissone G, Fois G, Luzzi R. 2018. Large occupational accidents data analysis with a coupled unsupervised algorithm: the S.O.M. k-means method. An application to the wood industry. Safety (Basel). 4(4):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4040051
Cooper KP, Lindley D. 2015. Global safety culture, or strategic chains of co-operation? Saf Reliab. 35(1):19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2015.11691034
Dankachatarn S, Boonpak A, Worrasan N, Kama B, Waeyeng D, Intaramuean M, Mahaboon J. 2023. Effects of safety interventions toward workers' behaviours using the theory of planned behaviour in the rubber wood processing industry. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 29(4):1328-1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2127244
Das B. 2024. Adverse health effects and perceived musculoskeletal pain in the sawmill workers of West Bengal, India. Toxicol Ind Health. 40(1-2):9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337231210331
Davis J, Mengersen K, Bennett S, Mazerolle L. 2014. Viewing systematic reviews and meta-analysis in social research through different lenses. SpringerPlus. 3(1):511. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-511
Duryan M, Smyth H, Roberts A, Rowlinson S, Sherratt F. 2020. Knowledge transfer for occupational health and safety: cultivating health and safety learning culture in construction firms. Accid Anal Prev. 139:105496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105496
Edwards JRD, Davey J, Armstrong K. 2013. Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture. Saf. Sci. 55:70-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.004
Elsaidy W, Mahmoud A. 2020. Prevalence of noise induced hearing loss among employees at wood industry in Damietta Governorate. Int. J. Med. Arts 2(1):253-259. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijma.2020.20970.1055
Emanuelli E, Alexandre E, Cazzador D, Comiati V, Volo T, Zanon A, Scapellato ML, Carrieri M, Martini A, Mastrangelo G. 2016. A case-case study on sinonasal cancer prevention: Effect from dust reduction in woodworking and risk of mastic/solvents in shoemaking. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 11(1):35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0124-7
Eriksson HP, Söderberg M, Neitzel RL, Torén K, Andersson E. 2021. Cardiovascular mortality in a Swedish cohort of female industrial workers exposed to noise and shift work. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 94(2):285-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01574-x
Ezinne NE, Ekemiri KK, Nwanali Daniel MA. 2021. Occupational ocular injuries and utilization of eye protective devices among sawmill workers in the Ojo local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Vision (Basel) 5(4):60-60. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040060
Farrand L, Carhart NJ. 2020. Using system archetypes to identify safety behaviours within the Malaysian construction industry. Saf. Reliab. 39(1):3-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2019.1697917
Ghelli F, Bellisario V, Squillacioti G, Grignani E, Garzaro G, Buglisi M, Bergamaschi E, Bono R. 2021. Oxidative stress induction in woodworkers occupationally exposed to wood dust and formaldehyde. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 16(1):4-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-021-00293-4
Girma B, Ejeso A, Ashuro Z, Birhanie Aregu M. 2022. Occupational injuries and associated factors among small-scale woodwork industry workers in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Environ. Health Insights 16:11786302221080829-11786302221080829. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221080829
Haukelid K. 2008. Theories of (safety) culture revisited-An anthropological approach. Saf. Sci. 46(3):413-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.05.014
He Y, Wang Y, Payne SC. 2019. How is safety climate formed? A meta-analysis of the antecedents of safety climate. Organ. Psychol. Rev. 9(2-3):124-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386619874870
Hedlund A, Gummesson K, Rydell A, Andersson I-M. 2016. Safety motivation at work: Evaluation of changes from six interventions. Saf. Sci. 82:155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.006
Heiden M, Zetterberg C, Mathiassen SE. 2019. Trunk and upper arm postures in paper mill work. Appl. Ergon. 76:90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.12.004
Jabur B, Ashuro Z, Abaya SW. 2022. Chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function parameters in large-scale wood factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 95(6):1221-1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-022-01857-5
Kalteh HO, Mortazavi SB, Mohammadi E, Salesi M. 2021. The relationship between safety culture and safety climate and safety performance: a systematic review. Int J Occup Safety Ergon. 27(1):206-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1556976
Khedher SB, Mattei F, Neri M, Sanchez M, Cenée S, Luce D, Stücker I. 2016. P024 Occupational exposure to endotoxin and lung cancer risk: results of the icare study. Occup Environ Med. 73(Suppl 1):A127. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.349
King T. 2020. The hazards of compliance-driven safety programs. Prof Safety. 65(1):62-63.
Knecht H, Balanay JAG, Langley R, Tutor Marcom R, Richards SL. 2024. Systematic review of biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychosocial hazards impacting occupational health of United States forestry workers. J For. 122(2):159-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvad052
Komut O, Yaşar ŞŞ, Yaşar M. 2020. Occupational health and safety awareness in wood, wood products, and mushroom production sector in Turkey. Turk J For. 21(3):260-266. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.741635
Leso V, Capitanelli I, Lops EA, Ricciardi W, Iavicoli I. 2017. Occupational chemical exposure and diabetes mellitus risk. Toxicol Ind Health. 33(3):222-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233715624594
Lundell MA, Marcham CL (Cheri). 2018. Leadership's effect on safety culture. Prof Safety. 63(11):36-43.
Mathiassen SE, Åström AW, Strömberg A, Heiden M. 2023. Cost and statistical efficiency of posture assessment by inclinometry and observation, exemplified by paper mill work. PLOS One. 18(10):e0292261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292261
Mattsson S, Trella F, Ulvenblad P, Kurdve M. 2025. What if operators are not skilled? How to embrace participation and digital technology in manufacturing. Strategic Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations: Unity in Variety. 103. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111673707-008
Mattson Molnar M, Von Thiele Schwarz U, Hellgren J, Hasson H, Tafvelin S. 2019. Leading for safety: a question of leadership focus. Safety Health Work. 10(2):180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.12.001
Michael J, Gorucu S. 2020. Analysis of forklift and pallet jack injuries in wood-related industries. For Prod J. 70(4):403-408. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-20-00032
Morozov AA, Kozyreva GB, Morozova TV. 2021. Social responsibility of business at the enterprises of the forest industry. E3S Web Conf. 291:3012. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129103012
Mylek MR, Schirmer J. 2015. Beyond physical health and safety: supporting the wellbeing of workers employed in the forest industry. Forestry. 88(4):391-406. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv011
Negash BM, Abaya SW, Abegaz T, Takele AK, Mekonnen WT, Negatu HB, Gintamo TT, Tamirat T, Koirita GK. 2023. Assessment of paper dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 23(1):48.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-023-02338-2
Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. 2020. A semi-quantitative job exposure matrix for dust exposures in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. Am J Ind Med. 63(4):359-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23090
Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. 2022. Dust exposures in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. Ann Work Exposures Health. 66(1):14-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab063
Nnaji CC, Udokpoh U. 2023. Identification of immediate and remote health hazards and the need for health hazard assessment in the Nigeria sawmill industry. Indones J Soc Environ Issues. 4(2):202-220. https://doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v4i2.998
Nævestad T-O, Storesund Hesjevoll I, Elvik R. 2021. How can regulatory authorities improve safety in organizations by influencing safety culture? A conceptual model of the relationships and a discussion of implications. Accid Anal Prev. 159:106228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106228
Ojuola J, Mostafa S, Mohamed S. 2020. Investigating the role of leadership in safety outcomes within oil and gas organisations. Saf Reliab. 39(2):121-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2020.1759259
Petitta L, Probst TM, Barbaranelli C, Ghezzi V. 2017. Disentangling the roles of safety climate and safety culture: Multi-level effects on the relationship between supervisor enforcement and safety compliance. Accid Anal Prev. 99(Pt A):77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.11.012
Poisson P, Chinniah Y. 2016. Managing risks linked to machinery in sawmills by controlling hazardous energies: Theory and practice in eight sawmills. Saf Sci. 84:117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.010
Halmstad University. n.d. OneSearch [Library search platform]. ProQuest. https://hh.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/
Rashid MI, Tabish AN, Athar M. 2022. Process safety management and process hazard analysis implementation progress in Pakistan chemical process industries. Process Saf Prog. 41(2):240-246. https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12320
Rathipe M, Raphela FS. 2022a. Assessment of occupational exposure to noise among sawmill workers in the timber processing factories. Appl Artif Intell. 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2110696
Rathipe M, Raphela FS. 2022b. Evaluation of occupational exposure to wood dust among sawmill workers within the Gert Sibande District Municipality, South Africa. Ann Agric Environ Med. 29(4):483-488. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/152745
Rathipe M, Raphela SF. 2023. Hearing loss and respiratory health symptoms among large-scale sawmill workers of the timber processing factories within the Gert Sibande District Municipality: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 23(1):1196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16086-9
Rayner Brown K, Whelan C, Murray G, Laturnus B, Yazdanpanah F, Cloney C, Amyotte P. 2022. Application of process hazard analysis and inherently safer design in wood pellet production. ACS Omega. 7(51):47720-47733. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04942
Sakallı AE, Kansoy SU. 2023. The impact of organisational commitment on the safety climate among airline employees: the mediation effect of collective gratitude and risk perception. Int. J. Reliab. Saf. 17(1):21-39. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2023.132948
Schell-Busey N. 2017. Do extralegal variables impact the post-inspection process of the occupational safety and health administration? Crime Law Soc. Change 68(1-2):187-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9681-7
Singh Z, Sekhon PS. 2018. Need for risk management and regular occupational health safety assessment among workers of developing countries. Global J. Qual. Saf. Healthc. 1(1):19-24. https://doi.org/10.4103/JQSH.JQSH_2_17
Snyder H. 2019. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. J. Bus. Res. 104:333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soranso DR, Minette LJ, Lima RCA, Schettino S, Nascimento GSP, Bermudes WL, Costa Campos JC. 2023. Biomechanical analysis of wood processing work in tropical forest regions: A study in Midwest Brazil. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 20(10):452-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2023.2241536
Spinelli R, Aminti G, De Francesco F. 2017. Postural risk assessment of mechanised firewood processing. Ergonomics 60(3):375-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1172738
Sritharan J, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Kreiger N, Sass-Kortsak A, Lightfoot N. 2016. Natural resource-based industries and prostate cancer risk in Northeastern Ontario: a case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 73(8):506-511. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103573
Tafvelin S, Nielsen K, Abildgaard JS, Richter A, von Thiele Schwarz U, Hasson H. 2019. Leader-team perceptual distance affects outcomes of leadership training: Examining safety leadership and follower safety self-efficacy. Saf. Sci. 120:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.019
Tear MJ, Reader TW. 2023. Understanding safety culture and safety citizenship through the lens of social identity theory. Saf. Sci. 158:105993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105993
Tehrani GM, Jabbari M, Mohammadi FB, Borgheipour H. 2018. Interventional role of training in promotion of health, safety and environment culture in wood industries. Int. J. Occup. Hyg. 10(2):80-86.
Thepaksorn P, Koizumi A, Harada K, Siriwong W, Neitzel RL. 2019. Occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 25(3):458-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1394710
Thepaksorn P, Siriwong W, Neitzel RL, Somrongthong R, Techasrivichien T. 2018. Relationship between noise-related risk perception, knowledge, and the use of hearing protection devices among para rubber wood sawmill workers. Saf. Health Work 9(1):25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2017.06.002
Thepaksorn P, Thongjerm S, Incharoen S, Siriwong W, Harada K, Koizumi A. 2017. Job safety analysis and hazard identification for work accident prevention in para rubber wood sawmills in southern Thailand. J. Occup. Health 59(6):542-551. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.16-0204-CS
Top Y, Adanur H, Öz M. 2016. Comparison of practices related to occupational health and safety in microscale wood-product enterprises. Saf. Sci. 82:374-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.10.014
Torén K, Neitzel RL, Eriksson HP, Andersson E. 2023a. Cancer incidence among workers in soft paper mills: A cohort study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 66(9):728-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23508
Torén K, Neitzel RL, Eriksson HP, Andersson E. 2023b. Occupational exposure to noise and dust in Swedish soft paper mills and mortality from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke: a cohort study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 96(7):965-972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-023-01980-x
Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P. 2003. Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. Br. J. Manag. 14(3):207-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
Tremblay A, Badri A. 2018. A novel tool for evaluating occupational health and safety performance in small and medium-sized enterprises: The case of the Quebec forestry/pulp and paper industry. Saf. Sci. 101:282-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.017
Ulvenblad P, Barth H. 2021. Liability of smallness in SMEs - Using co-creation as a method for the 'fuzzy front end' of HRM practices in the forest industry. Scand. J. Manag. 37(3):101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2021.101159
Van Eck NJ, Waltman L. 2025. VOSviewer (Version 1.6.20) [Computer software]. Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University. https://www.vosviewer.com
Vested A, Basinas I, Heederik D, Jacobsen G, Kolstad H, Kromhout H, Omland Ø, Sigsgaard T, Toft G, Thulstrup AM, Vestergaard J, Elholm G, Wouters MI, Schlünssen V. 2016. O26-4 Inverse associations between occupational organic dust exposure and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - healthy worker survivor bias? Occup. Environ. Med. 73(Suppl 1):A50. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.135
Vested A, Kolstad HA, Basinas I, Burdorf A, Elholm G, Heederik D, Jacobsen GH, Kromhout H, Omland Ø, Schaumburg I, Sigsgaard T, Vestergaard JM, Wouters IM, Schlünssen V. 2021. Dust exposure and the impact on hospital readmission of farming and wood industry workers for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 47(2):163-167. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3926
Vierendeels G, Reniers G, van Nunen K, Ponnet K. 2018. An integrative conceptual framework for safety culture: The Egg Aggregated Model (TEAM) of safety culture. Saf. Sci. 103:323-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.021
Westberg H, Elihn K, Andersson E, Persson B, Andersson L, Bryngelsson I-L, Karlsson C, Sjögren B. 2016. Inflammatory markers and exposure to airborne particles among workers in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 89(5):813-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1119-5
Wójcik-Fatla A, Mackiewicz B, Sawczyn-Domańska A, Sroka J, Siwiec J, Paściak M, Szponar B, Pawlik K, Dutkiewicz J. 2022. Timber-colonizing gram-negative bacteria as potential causative agents of respiratory diseases in woodworkers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 95(6):1179-1193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01829-1
Aboubakar BO, Li H. 2024. Influence of safety culture on Chinese overseas hydropower project workers' safety performance: a case study in Cameroon. Int J Reliab Saf. 18(3):266-301. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2024.140614
Almanza Floyd J, D'Adamo I, Fosso Wamba S, Gastaldi M. 2024. Competitiveness and sustainability in the paper industry: the valorisation of human resources as an enabling factor. Comput Ind Eng. 190:110035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110035
Andersson E, Sällsten G, Lohman S, Neitzel R, Torén K. 2020. Lung function and paper dust exposure among workers in a soft tissue paper mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 93(1):105-110.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01469-6
Araújo-Vila N, Toubes DR, Fraiz-Brea JA. 2022. The age factor in the analysis of occupational risks in the wood industry. Healthcare (Basel). 10(7):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071355
Arbin K, Frostenson M, Helin S, Borglund T. 2021. Explaining workers' resistance against a health and safety programme: an understanding based on hierarchical and social accountability. Saf Sci. 136:105131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105131
Asgedom AA, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. 2019. Knowledge, attitude and practice related to chemical hazards and personal protective equipment among particleboard workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 19(1):440. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6807-0
Asgedom AA, Bråtveit M, Schlünssen V, Moen BE. 2020. Exposure to inhalable dust, endotoxin and formaldehyde in factories processing particleboards from eucalyptus trees in Ethiopia. Environ Occup Health Pract. 2(1):2019-0016-OA. https://doi.org/10.1539/eohp.2019-0016-OA
Baumgart AR, Leite MJ de H, Santos IC de L, Oliveira DSP de, Araújo MSB de, Pinto AVF de. 2023. Analysis of work safety from the perspective of sizing and use of EPIs in a sawmill in the state of Mato Grosso. Diversitas J. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v8i3.2592
Best T, Visser R, Conradson D. 2021. Stress, psychosocial factors and the New Zealand forest industry workforce: seeing past the risk of harm to the potential for individual and organisational wellbeing. NZ J For Sci. 51. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs512021x93x
Beus JM, McCord MA, Zohar D. 2016. Workplace safety: a review and research synthesis. Organiz Psychol Rev. 6(4):352-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615626243
Borz SA, Oghnoum M, Marcu MV, Lorincz A, Proto AR. 2021. Performance of small-scale sawmilling operations: a case study on time consumption, productivity and main ergonomics for a manually driven bandsaw. For Syst. 12(6):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060810
Carles C, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Baldi I. 2016. O44-1Pestipop: a French generic job-exposure matrix for use in epidemiological studies on occupational exposure to pesticides. Occup Environ Med. 73(Suppl 1):A83-A84. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.224
Casey TW, Riseborough KM, Krauss AD. 2015. Do you see what I see? Effects of national culture on employees' safety-related perceptions and behaviour. Accid Anal Prev. 78:173-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.010
Chaudhuri SB, Majhi M, Karmakar S. 2021. A scoping review on role of communication media for effective OSH awareness and training. Int J Reliab Saf. 15(1-2):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2021.119641
Christian MS, Bradley JC, Wallace JC, Burke MJ. 2009. Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. J Appl Psychol. 94(5):1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Cil M, Gedik T. 2022. Research on factors affecting the risk-taking behaviour of personnel working in the forest products sector. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 28(4):2315-2323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1992175
Comberti L, Demichela M, Baldissone G, Fois G, Luzzi R. 2018. Large occupational accidents data analysis with a coupled unsupervised algorithm: the S.O.M. k-means method. An application to the wood industry. Safety (Basel). 4(4):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4040051
Cooper KP, Lindley D. 2015. Global safety culture, or strategic chains of co-operation? Saf Reliab. 35(1):19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2015.11691034
Dankachatarn S, Boonpak A, Worrasan N, Kama B, Waeyeng D, Intaramuean M, Mahaboon J. 2023. Effects of safety interventions toward workers' behaviours using the theory of planned behaviour in the rubber wood processing industry. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 29(4):1328-1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2127244
Das B. 2024. Adverse health effects and perceived musculoskeletal pain in the sawmill workers of West Bengal, India. Toxicol Ind Health. 40(1-2):9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337231210331
Davis J, Mengersen K, Bennett S, Mazerolle L. 2014. Viewing systematic reviews and meta-analysis in social research through different lenses. SpringerPlus. 3(1):511. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-511
Duryan M, Smyth H, Roberts A, Rowlinson S, Sherratt F. 2020. Knowledge transfer for occupational health and safety: cultivating health and safety learning culture in construction firms. Accid Anal Prev. 139:105496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105496
Edwards JRD, Davey J, Armstrong K. 2013. Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture. Saf. Sci. 55:70-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.004
Elsaidy W, Mahmoud A. 2020. Prevalence of noise induced hearing loss among employees at wood industry in Damietta Governorate. Int. J. Med. Arts 2(1):253-259. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijma.2020.20970.1055
Emanuelli E, Alexandre E, Cazzador D, Comiati V, Volo T, Zanon A, Scapellato ML, Carrieri M, Martini A, Mastrangelo G. 2016. A case-case study on sinonasal cancer prevention: Effect from dust reduction in woodworking and risk of mastic/solvents in shoemaking. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 11(1):35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0124-7
Eriksson HP, Söderberg M, Neitzel RL, Torén K, Andersson E. 2021. Cardiovascular mortality in a Swedish cohort of female industrial workers exposed to noise and shift work. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 94(2):285-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01574-x
Ezinne NE, Ekemiri KK, Nwanali Daniel MA. 2021. Occupational ocular injuries and utilization of eye protective devices among sawmill workers in the Ojo local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Vision (Basel) 5(4):60-60. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040060
Farrand L, Carhart NJ. 2020. Using system archetypes to identify safety behaviours within the Malaysian construction industry. Saf. Reliab. 39(1):3-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2019.1697917
Ghelli F, Bellisario V, Squillacioti G, Grignani E, Garzaro G, Buglisi M, Bergamaschi E, Bono R. 2021. Oxidative stress induction in woodworkers occupationally exposed to wood dust and formaldehyde. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 16(1):4-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-021-00293-4
Girma B, Ejeso A, Ashuro Z, Birhanie Aregu M. 2022. Occupational injuries and associated factors among small-scale woodwork industry workers in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Environ. Health Insights 16:11786302221080829-11786302221080829. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221080829
Haukelid K. 2008. Theories of (safety) culture revisited-An anthropological approach. Saf. Sci. 46(3):413-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.05.014
He Y, Wang Y, Payne SC. 2019. How is safety climate formed? A meta-analysis of the antecedents of safety climate. Organ. Psychol. Rev. 9(2-3):124-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386619874870
Hedlund A, Gummesson K, Rydell A, Andersson I-M. 2016. Safety motivation at work: Evaluation of changes from six interventions. Saf. Sci. 82:155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.006
Heiden M, Zetterberg C, Mathiassen SE. 2019. Trunk and upper arm postures in paper mill work. Appl. Ergon. 76:90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.12.004
Jabur B, Ashuro Z, Abaya SW. 2022. Chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function parameters in large-scale wood factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 95(6):1221-1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-022-01857-5
Kalteh HO, Mortazavi SB, Mohammadi E, Salesi M. 2021. The relationship between safety culture and safety climate and safety performance: a systematic review. Int J Occup Safety Ergon. 27(1):206-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1556976
Khedher SB, Mattei F, Neri M, Sanchez M, Cenée S, Luce D, Stücker I. 2016. P024 Occupational exposure to endotoxin and lung cancer risk: results of the icare study. Occup Environ Med. 73(Suppl 1):A127. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.349
King T. 2020. The hazards of compliance-driven safety programs. Prof Safety. 65(1):62-63.
Knecht H, Balanay JAG, Langley R, Tutor Marcom R, Richards SL. 2024. Systematic review of biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychosocial hazards impacting occupational health of United States forestry workers. J For. 122(2):159-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvad052
Komut O, Yaşar ŞŞ, Yaşar M. 2020. Occupational health and safety awareness in wood, wood products, and mushroom production sector in Turkey. Turk J For. 21(3):260-266. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.741635
Leso V, Capitanelli I, Lops EA, Ricciardi W, Iavicoli I. 2017. Occupational chemical exposure and diabetes mellitus risk. Toxicol Ind Health. 33(3):222-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233715624594
Lundell MA, Marcham CL (Cheri). 2018. Leadership's effect on safety culture. Prof Safety. 63(11):36-43.
Mathiassen SE, Åström AW, Strömberg A, Heiden M. 2023. Cost and statistical efficiency of posture assessment by inclinometry and observation, exemplified by paper mill work. PLOS One. 18(10):e0292261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292261
Mattsson S, Trella F, Ulvenblad P, Kurdve M. 2025. What if operators are not skilled? How to embrace participation and digital technology in manufacturing. Strategic Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations: Unity in Variety. 103. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111673707-008
Mattson Molnar M, Von Thiele Schwarz U, Hellgren J, Hasson H, Tafvelin S. 2019. Leading for safety: a question of leadership focus. Safety Health Work. 10(2):180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.12.001
Michael J, Gorucu S. 2020. Analysis of forklift and pallet jack injuries in wood-related industries. For Prod J. 70(4):403-408. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-20-00032
Morozov AA, Kozyreva GB, Morozova TV. 2021. Social responsibility of business at the enterprises of the forest industry. E3S Web Conf. 291:3012. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129103012
Mylek MR, Schirmer J. 2015. Beyond physical health and safety: supporting the wellbeing of workers employed in the forest industry. Forestry. 88(4):391-406. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv011
Negash BM, Abaya SW, Abegaz T, Takele AK, Mekonnen WT, Negatu HB, Gintamo TT, Tamirat T, Koirita GK. 2023. Assessment of paper dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 23(1):48.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-023-02338-2
Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. 2020. A semi-quantitative job exposure matrix for dust exposures in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. Am J Ind Med. 63(4):359-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23090
Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. 2022. Dust exposures in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. Ann Work Exposures Health. 66(1):14-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab063
Nnaji CC, Udokpoh U. 2023. Identification of immediate and remote health hazards and the need for health hazard assessment in the Nigeria sawmill industry. Indones J Soc Environ Issues. 4(2):202-220. https://doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v4i2.998
Nævestad T-O, Storesund Hesjevoll I, Elvik R. 2021. How can regulatory authorities improve safety in organizations by influencing safety culture? A conceptual model of the relationships and a discussion of implications. Accid Anal Prev. 159:106228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106228
Ojuola J, Mostafa S, Mohamed S. 2020. Investigating the role of leadership in safety outcomes within oil and gas organisations. Saf Reliab. 39(2):121-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2020.1759259
Petitta L, Probst TM, Barbaranelli C, Ghezzi V. 2017. Disentangling the roles of safety climate and safety culture: Multi-level effects on the relationship between supervisor enforcement and safety compliance. Accid Anal Prev. 99(Pt A):77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.11.012
Poisson P, Chinniah Y. 2016. Managing risks linked to machinery in sawmills by controlling hazardous energies: Theory and practice in eight sawmills. Saf Sci. 84:117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.010
Halmstad University. n.d. OneSearch [Library search platform]. ProQuest. https://hh.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/
Rashid MI, Tabish AN, Athar M. 2022. Process safety management and process hazard analysis implementation progress in Pakistan chemical process industries. Process Saf Prog. 41(2):240-246. https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12320
Rathipe M, Raphela FS. 2022a. Assessment of occupational exposure to noise among sawmill workers in the timber processing factories. Appl Artif Intell. 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2110696
Rathipe M, Raphela FS. 2022b. Evaluation of occupational exposure to wood dust among sawmill workers within the Gert Sibande District Municipality, South Africa. Ann Agric Environ Med. 29(4):483-488. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/152745
Rathipe M, Raphela SF. 2023. Hearing loss and respiratory health symptoms among large-scale sawmill workers of the timber processing factories within the Gert Sibande District Municipality: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 23(1):1196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16086-9
Rayner Brown K, Whelan C, Murray G, Laturnus B, Yazdanpanah F, Cloney C, Amyotte P. 2022. Application of process hazard analysis and inherently safer design in wood pellet production. ACS Omega. 7(51):47720-47733. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04942
Sakallı AE, Kansoy SU. 2023. The impact of organisational commitment on the safety climate among airline employees: the mediation effect of collective gratitude and risk perception. Int. J. Reliab. Saf. 17(1):21-39. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRS.2023.132948
Schell-Busey N. 2017. Do extralegal variables impact the post-inspection process of the occupational safety and health administration? Crime Law Soc. Change 68(1-2):187-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9681-7
Singh Z, Sekhon PS. 2018. Need for risk management and regular occupational health safety assessment among workers of developing countries. Global J. Qual. Saf. Healthc. 1(1):19-24. https://doi.org/10.4103/JQSH.JQSH_2_17
Snyder H. 2019. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. J. Bus. Res. 104:333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soranso DR, Minette LJ, Lima RCA, Schettino S, Nascimento GSP, Bermudes WL, Costa Campos JC. 2023. Biomechanical analysis of wood processing work in tropical forest regions: A study in Midwest Brazil. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 20(10):452-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2023.2241536
Spinelli R, Aminti G, De Francesco F. 2017. Postural risk assessment of mechanised firewood processing. Ergonomics 60(3):375-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1172738
Sritharan J, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Kreiger N, Sass-Kortsak A, Lightfoot N. 2016. Natural resource-based industries and prostate cancer risk in Northeastern Ontario: a case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 73(8):506-511. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103573
Tafvelin S, Nielsen K, Abildgaard JS, Richter A, von Thiele Schwarz U, Hasson H. 2019. Leader-team perceptual distance affects outcomes of leadership training: Examining safety leadership and follower safety self-efficacy. Saf. Sci. 120:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.019
Tear MJ, Reader TW. 2023. Understanding safety culture and safety citizenship through the lens of social identity theory. Saf. Sci. 158:105993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105993
Tehrani GM, Jabbari M, Mohammadi FB, Borgheipour H. 2018. Interventional role of training in promotion of health, safety and environment culture in wood industries. Int. J. Occup. Hyg. 10(2):80-86.
Thepaksorn P, Koizumi A, Harada K, Siriwong W, Neitzel RL. 2019. Occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 25(3):458-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1394710
Thepaksorn P, Siriwong W, Neitzel RL, Somrongthong R, Techasrivichien T. 2018. Relationship between noise-related risk perception, knowledge, and the use of hearing protection devices among para rubber wood sawmill workers. Saf. Health Work 9(1):25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2017.06.002
Thepaksorn P, Thongjerm S, Incharoen S, Siriwong W, Harada K, Koizumi A. 2017. Job safety analysis and hazard identification for work accident prevention in para rubber wood sawmills in southern Thailand. J. Occup. Health 59(6):542-551. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.16-0204-CS
Top Y, Adanur H, Öz M. 2016. Comparison of practices related to occupational health and safety in microscale wood-product enterprises. Saf. Sci. 82:374-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.10.014
Torén K, Neitzel RL, Eriksson HP, Andersson E. 2023a. Cancer incidence among workers in soft paper mills: A cohort study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 66(9):728-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23508
Torén K, Neitzel RL, Eriksson HP, Andersson E. 2023b. Occupational exposure to noise and dust in Swedish soft paper mills and mortality from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke: a cohort study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 96(7):965-972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-023-01980-x
Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P. 2003. Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. Br. J. Manag. 14(3):207-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
Tremblay A, Badri A. 2018. A novel tool for evaluating occupational health and safety performance in small and medium-sized enterprises: The case of the Quebec forestry/pulp and paper industry. Saf. Sci. 101:282-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.017
Ulvenblad P, Barth H. 2021. Liability of smallness in SMEs - Using co-creation as a method for the 'fuzzy front end' of HRM practices in the forest industry. Scand. J. Manag. 37(3):101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2021.101159
Van Eck NJ, Waltman L. 2025. VOSviewer (Version 1.6.20) [Computer software]. Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University. https://www.vosviewer.com
Vested A, Basinas I, Heederik D, Jacobsen G, Kolstad H, Kromhout H, Omland Ø, Sigsgaard T, Toft G, Thulstrup AM, Vestergaard J, Elholm G, Wouters MI, Schlünssen V. 2016. O26-4 Inverse associations between occupational organic dust exposure and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - healthy worker survivor bias? Occup. Environ. Med. 73(Suppl 1):A50. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.135
Vested A, Kolstad HA, Basinas I, Burdorf A, Elholm G, Heederik D, Jacobsen GH, Kromhout H, Omland Ø, Schaumburg I, Sigsgaard T, Vestergaard JM, Wouters IM, Schlünssen V. 2021. Dust exposure and the impact on hospital readmission of farming and wood industry workers for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 47(2):163-167. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3926
Vierendeels G, Reniers G, van Nunen K, Ponnet K. 2018. An integrative conceptual framework for safety culture: The Egg Aggregated Model (TEAM) of safety culture. Saf. Sci. 103:323-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.021
Westberg H, Elihn K, Andersson E, Persson B, Andersson L, Bryngelsson I-L, Karlsson C, Sjögren B. 2016. Inflammatory markers and exposure to airborne particles among workers in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 89(5):813-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1119-5
Wójcik-Fatla A, Mackiewicz B, Sawczyn-Domańska A, Sroka J, Siwiec J, Paściak M, Szponar B, Pawlik K, Dutkiewicz J. 2022. Timber-colonizing gram-negative bacteria as potential causative agents of respiratory diseases in woodworkers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 95(6):1179-1193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01829-1
Article Sidebar
Published
Aug 25, 2025
Article Details
How to Cite
Linden, A., Ulvenblad, P., & Barth, H. (2025). Safety culture co-creation in forest industry manufacturing mills – A systematic literature review and conceptual model. Journal of Forest Business Research, 4(2), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v4i2.73
Issue
Section
Review article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in the journal. The journal retains no copyright.
